In some cases, votive offerings could also be directly affixed to the columns, as is visible e.g. It was achieved through a reduction of the corner intercolumniations the so-called corner contraction. L’ordre est utilisé pour des petits temples avec des colonnades intérieures ou extérieures. They were not normally designed with consideration for their surroundings, but formed autonomous structures. For the early period, before the 6th century BCE, the term Ionic temple can, at best, designate a temple in the Ionian areas of settlement. An additional definition, already used by Vitruvius (IV, 3, 3) is determined by the number of columns at the front. The Parthenon's Archaic predecessor already contained such a room. In Sicily, this habit continued into the Classical period. Special attention was paid to the decoration of the pedimental triangles, not least because of their size and frontal position. Its Asian elements and its conception as a dipteros made the temple an exception in Athens. Exemple : temple de Zeus Olympien (Athènes), TEMPLE DISTYLE : temple à deux colonnes en façade, TEMPLE TETRASTYLE : temple à 4 colonnes en façades, TEMPLE HEXASTYLE : temple avec six colonnes en façade, TEMPLE OCTOSTYLE : temple avec 8 colonnes en façade, TEMPLE DECASTYLE : temple avec 10 colonnes en façade. [79] Its columns, mostly still upright, stand on Attic bases without plinths, exceptional for the period. J.-C., on commence à construire dans les villes des théâtres en pierre. Columns became narrower, intercolumniations wider. The largest such structure was the Olympieion of Akragas, an 8 × 17 columns peripteros, but in many regards an absolutely "un-Greek" structure, equipped with details such as engaged, figural pillars (Telamons), and a peristasis partially closed off by walls. Pronaoi and opisthodomoi were often closed off from the peristasis by wooden barriers or fences. Each of the Corinthian capitals is made of three separate parts, an exceptional form. Its column bays (axis to axis) measured 16 feet (4.9 m), a triglyph + metope 8 feet (2.4 m), a mutulus plus the adjacent space (via) 4 feet (1.2 m), the tile width of the marble roof was 2 feet (0.61 m). [52] Frontality is a key feature of Ionic temples. Le plan des temples grecs varient selon les édifices. In other regards, the Parthenon is distinguished as an exceptional example among the mass of Greek peripteroi by many distinctive aesthetic solutions in detail. Battle scenes of all kinds were also a common theme of Ionic friezes, e.g. [80][81][82], A further plan option is shown by the temple of Hekate at Lagina, a small pseudoperipteros of 8 × 11 columns. This limitation to smaller structures led to the development of a special form, the pseudoperipteros, which uses engaged columns along the naos walls to produce the illusion of a peripteral temple. Placed on the stylobate are the vertical column shafts, tapering towards the top. The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture. For some time, the opisthodomos of the Athenian Parthenon contained the treasury of the Delian League, thus directly protected by the deity. The high regard in which the Greeks held pedimental sculptures in demonstrated by the discovery of the sculptures from the Late Archaic temple of Apollo at Delphi, which had received a veritable burial after the temple's destruction in 373 BCE. and achieved the final flourish of Ionic architecture around 200 BCE. Les architectures romaine et grecque sont liées depuis longtemps, en raison des similitudes entre les temples et les autres structures créées par les deux civilisations par les deux peuples. A comparable structure is the monopteros, or cyclostyle which, however, lacks a naos. Like the naos, the peristasis could serve the display and storage of votives, often placed between the columns. The dignity of the central aisle of the naos could be underlined by the use of special elements of design. Ces composants ont permis la réalisation de différents types de plans dans l’architecture des temples grecs. The basic principles for the development of Greek temple architecture have their roots between the 10th century BCE and the 7th century BCE. [35] Famous cult images such as the Statue of Zeus at Olympia functioned as significant visitor attractions. The rules regarding vertical proportions, especially in the Doric order, also allow for a deduction of the basic design options for the entablature from the same principles. One of the few exceptions is the early Classical Temple D, an 8 × 20 columns peripteros, at Metapontum. The Heraion is most advanced in regards to the relationship between naos and peristasis, as it uses the solution that became canonical decades later, a linear axis running along the external faces of the outer naos walls and through the central axis of the associated columns. The temple had 6 × 11 columns, i.e. [71] The arrangement of the pseudodipteros, omitting the interior row of columns while maintaining a peristasis with the width of two column distances, produces a massively broadened portico, comparable to the contemporaneous hall architecture. Zeus with a thunderbolt, fighting a Giant. When equipped with an opisthodomos with a similar distyle in antis design, this is called a double anta temple. An innovative Ionic temple was that of Asklepios in Epidaurus, one of the first of the pseudoperipteros type. An inscription referring to his sponsorship was indeed found on one of the columns. The same proportions, in a more abstract form, determine most of the Parthenon, not only in its 8 × 17 column peristasis, but also, reduced to 4:9, in all other basic measurements, including the intercolumniations, the stylobate, the width-height proportion of the entire building, and the geison (here reversed to 9:4).[27]. Only in the colonies could the Doric corner conflict be ignored. The pronaos was linked to the naos by a door. In the Cyclades, there were early temples entirely built of marble. There is very little evidence of Ionic temples in Magna Graecia. Au dessus de l’abaque se trouve l’architrave épurée et lisse qui est surmontée d’une frise alternant triglyphes (=rainures verticales) et métopes (=soit lisses ou représentant une scène). Alternatives to this very rational system were sought in the temples of the late 7th and early 6th centuries BCE, when it was attempted to develop the basic measurements from the planned dimensions of naos or stylobate, i.e. [24] The increasing romanisation of the east[25] entailed the end of Greek temple architecture, although work continued on the completion of unfinished large structures like the temple of Apollo at Didyma or the Olympieion at Athens into the later 2nd century AD.[26]. Le fût de la colonne comporte généralement 16 cannelures, la colonne est plus fine et plus élancée. Bonjour! The individual members of its Doric orders all differ considerably from the later canon, although all essential Doric features are present. TEMPLE PERIPTERE : temple entouré de colonnes. [30] The themes of the individual pedimental scenes are increasingly dominated by myths connected with the locality. The Heraion of Olympia[43] (c. 600 BCE) exemplifies the transition from wood to stone construction. Hellenistic monarchs could appear as private donors in cities outside their immediate sphere of influence and sponsor public buildings, as exemplified by Antiochos IV, who ordered the rebuilding of the Olympieion at Athens. L… Au-dessus de l'entablement se trouvent les frontonset la couverture de l'édifice. This choice, which was rarely entirely free, but normally determined by tradition and local habit, would lead to widely differing rules of design. The columns stood on ephesian bases, 36 of them were decorated with life-sized friezes of human figures at the bottom of the shaft, the so-called columnae caelatae. L’ordre est caractérisé par un chapiteau à échine plate et sans décoration, surmonté d’un abaque carré. Since the overall number of columns required for the design was 120, even this aspect of the building would have caused costs equivalent to those of major projects today (circa 360 million euro).[38]. Metope from the Temple of Zeus from Olympia, A centaur struggling with a Lapith on a metope from the Parthenon, in the British Museum (London), Lapith fighting a centaur on a metope from the Parthenon, in the British Museum, Architrave with sculpted metope showing sun god Helios in a quadriga, from the Temple of Athena at Troy, circa 300-280 BC. For the replacement, a crepidoma of ten or more steps was erected. A typical early sanctuary seems to have consisted of a temenos, often around a sacred grove, cave or spring, and perhaps defined only by marker stones at intervals, with an altar for offerings. Le temple n'est pas un lieu de culte mais une demeure divine. Among the Doric temples, the Peisistratid Olympieion at Athens has a special position. This is a major difference from Roman temples which were often designed as part of a planned urban area or square and had a strong emphasis on being viewed frontally. Linteau. The central one of the three aisles thereby created was often emphasised as the main one. The frieze was originally placed in front of the roof beams, which were externally visible only in the earlier temples of Asia Minor. Sicily and Southern Italy hardly participated in these developments. With a substructure of 55 × 115 m, the Artemision outscaled all precedents. Further late Greek temples in the Corinthian order are known e.g. Les cultes consacrés au dieu ou à la déesse sont rendus près du temple sur un autel. The functions of the temple mainly concentrated on the naos, the "dwelling" of the cult statue. Stylistically, they were governed by the regionally specific architectural orders. Additionally, columns were placed with a slight inclination towards the centre of the building. The central cult structure of the temple is the naos or cella, which usually contained a cult statue of the deity. The peristasis often had a depth of two column distances, e.g. On the other hand, the Ionic temples of Asia Minor did not possess a separate frieze to allow space for relief decoration. The oldest marble architraves of Greek architecture, found at the Artemision, also spanned the widest distances ever achieved in pure stone. Depending on the architectural order, a different number of flutings are cut into the column shaft: Doric columns have 18 to 20 flutings, Ionic and Corinthian ones normally have 24. Another determining design feature was the relationship linking naos and peristasis. The most complete remains are concentrated in Athens and southern Italy; several are described in more detail above, under their orders. The Acropolis of Athens is the most famous example, though this was apparently walled as a citadel before a temple was ever built there. There are many where the platforms are reasonably complete, and some round drum elements of the columns, which were harder for later builders to re-use. In a Doric triglyph frieze, blue triglyphs alternated with red metopes, the latter often serving as a background for individually painted sculptures. the west-facing temples of Artemis at Ephesos and at Magnesia on the Maeander, or the north-south oriented temples of Arcadia. Contrairement à l’ordre dorique, celui-ci est plus élégant et plus travaillé. The paint was mostly applied to parts that were not load-bearing, whereas structural parts like columns or the horizontal elements of architrave and geison were left unpainted (if made of high-quality limestone or marble) or covered with a white stucco. The east and north halls of the Erechtheion, completed in 406 BCE, follow the same succession of elements. This idea was later copied in Didyma, Ephesos and Athens. The financial needs were covered by income from taxes or special levies, or by the sale of raw materials like silver. The front used differing column distances, with a wider central opening. [33], It used to be thought that access to the naos of a Greek temple was limited to the priests, and it was entered only rarely by other visitors, except perhaps during important festivals or other special occasions. the dentil of the Ionic or Corinthian orders, the cornice protrudes notably. [36], Building contracts were advertised after a popular or elected assembly had passed the relevant motion. Apart from this exception and some examples in the more experimental poleis of Greater Greece, the Classical Doric temple type remained the peripteros. ★ introduction le architecture de la Grèce antique concerne les bâtiments construits sur le continent grec, les îles de la mer Égée et dans toutes les colonies grecques d’Asie Mineure (Turquie), de Sicile et d’Italie, entre 900 et 27 av. The temple was considered as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, which may be justified, considering the efforts involved in its construction. An appointed committee would choose the winner among the submitted plans. Only details, like the horizontally cut grooves at the bottom of Doric capitals (annuli), or decorative elements of Doric architraves (e.g. The most consistent use of these principles is seen in the Classical Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis. All architectural elements display slight variations from the right angle, individually calculated for each block. Prononciation. A special situation applies to the temples of the Cyclades, where the roof was usually of marble tiles. It is the foundation myth of the sanctuary itself, displayed here in its most prominent position. In the Doric order, the capital consists of a circular torus bulge, originally very flat, the so-called echinus, and a square slab, the abacus. [37], The costs could be immense. In the late Hellenistic period, their decreasing financial wealth, along with the progressive incorporation of the Greek world within the Roman state, whose officials and rulers took over as sponsors, led to the end of Greek temple construction. Le théâtre et le temple d'Apollon à Delphes 3. temple grec Édifice qui, dans l’Antiquité, était dédié à une divinité et renfermait une statue la représentant. The temple of Athena at Tegea shows another variation, where the two column rows are indicated by half-columns protruding from the side walls and crowned with Corinthian capitals. All these had chryselephantine images, and Pausanias was perhaps correct to link the Parthenon one with the maintenance of the proper humidity, but they probably increased the light, and perhaps gave it attractive effects of reflections. The original advert contained all the information necessary to enable a contractor to make a realistic offer for completing the task. In front of the naos, a small porch or pronaos was formed by the protruding naos walls, the antae. Codification qui, dans la période Archaïque, sera développé pour 'architecture Templiers deviendrais 'hellénisme le langage universel du monde Méditerranée. Exemple : Temple d'Auguste à Pula (Croatie). Trouvez des photos de banque d’images de haute qualité, que vous ne trouverez nulle part ailleurs. For example, innovations regarding the construction of the entablature developed in the west allowed the spanning of much wider spaces than before, leading to some very deep peristaseis and broad naoi. With its 6 × 13 columns or 5 × 12 intercolumniations, this temple was designed entirely rationally. Here, already on the Archaic temples, the lower parts of the column shafts were decorated by protruding relief decorations, originally depicting rows of figures, replaced on their late Classical and Hellenistic successors with mythological scenes and battles. Garlic-eaters were forbidden in one temple, in another women unless they were virgins; restrictions typically arose from local ideas of ritual purity or a perceived whim of the deity. Pandyan Kingdom coin depicting a temple between hill symbols and elephant, Pandyas, Sri Lanka, 1st century CE. Stereobate, euthynteria and crepidoma form the substructure of the temple. The Temple of Isthmia, built in 690–650 BCE was perhaps the first true Archaic temple with its monumental size, sturdy colonnade and tile roof set the Isthmian temple apart from contemporary buildings.[6]. on a mausoleum of at modern-day Belevi (near Ephesos), it appears to have found increasing popularity in the last half of the 3rd century BCE. Only three basic colours were used: white, blue and red, occasionally also black. the temples at Paestum, Akragas or Segesta,[39] but the Hephaisteion and the Parthenon of Athens also influenced scholarship and Neoclassical architecture from an early point onward. the Temple of Zeus in Nemea[50] and that of Athena in Tegea. L'Opisthodome est la salle située à l'arrière du naos. Much more frequently, the temples included a separate room at the back end of the naos, entrance to which was usually forbidden, the adyton. An early case of this is temple L at Epidauros, followed by many prominent Roman examples, such as the Maison Carrée at Nîmes. With the transition to stone architecture around 600 BCE, the order was fully developed; from then on, only details were changed, developed and refined, mostly in the context of solving the challenges posed by the design and construction of monumental temples. The temple in the Heraion of Samos, erected by Rhoikos around 560 BCE, is the first known dipteros, with outside dimensions of 52 × 105 m.[60] A double portico of 8 × 21 columns enclosed the naos, the back even had ten columns. Je vous présente les différents types de plan que l'on peut trouver sur les temples grecs. As far as topographically possible, the temples were freestanding and designed to be viewed from all sides. Greek temples were often enhanced with figural decorations. [9] At the same time, the rulers of the various Hellenistic kingdoms provided copious financial resources. Ionic volute capitals survive from the outer peristasis of the later rebuilding by Polycrates. Its perfection was a priority of artistic endeavour throughout the Classical period. Enregistrée par Olivier Gustin. A multitude of different ground plans were developed, each of which could be combined with the superstructure in the different orders. Private individuals, especially Hellenistic rulers, could also sponsor such buildings. For example, the lower surfaces of Doric geisa could be decorated with coffers instead of mutuli. especially the frieze areas offered space for reliefs and relief slabs; the pedimental triangles often contained scenes of free-standing sculpture. Its curvature affects all horizontal elements up to the sima, even the naos walls reflect it throughout their height. Marble roofs also covered the temple of Zeus at Olympia and the Parthenon at Athens. The most famous Greek cult images were of this type, including the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, and Phidias's Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon in Athens, both colossal statues now completely lost. Even where a Greek influence is visible, such structures are not normally considered as Greek temples. The demise of the Hellenistic monarchies and the increasing power of Rome and her allies placed mercantile elites and sanctuary administrations in the positions of building sponsors. Its surface is carefully smoothed and levelled. Le fût est orné généralement de 20 cannelures à arêtes vives. With the introduction of stone architecture, the protection of the porticos and the support of the roof construction was moved upwards to the level of the geison, depriving the frieze of its structural function and turning it into an entirely decorative feature. Hermogenes, who probably came from Priene, was a deserving successor[according to whom?] Linteau. The resulting set of colonnade surrounding the temple on all sides (the peristasis) was exclusively used for temples in Greek architecture.[8]. After the expulsion of Hippias in 510 BCE, work on this structure was stopped: Democratic Athens had no desire to continue a monument of tyrannical self-aggrandisation. [31], The ruins of the Temple of Poseidon from Sounion (Greece), 444–440 BC, The North Porch of the Erechtheum from the Acropolis of Athens, Base of an Ionic column of the North Porch of the Erechtheum, The ruins of the Temple of Olympian Zeus from Athens. shortly after 600 BCE on the temple of Artemis at Kerkyra, where the west pediment is taken up by the gorgon Medusa and her children at the centre, flanked by panthers. To stress the importance of the cult statue and the building holding it, the naos was equipped with a canopy, supported by columns. Older Ionic temples normally lacked a specific visible substructure. - La corniche comportant des denticules sauf à Athènes, - Un larmier servant à éviter le ruissellement de l’eau contre les murs et donc l’infiltration, - Le fronton avec une corniche simple, moins pentu, non historié, EXEMPLE : Érechthéion (Acropole d'Athènes). The main temple building sat within a larger precinct or temenos, usually surrounded by a peribolos fence or wall; the whole is usually called a "sanctuary". The complex formed by the naos, pronaos, opisthodomos and possibly the adyton is enclosed on all four sides by the peristasis, usually a single row, rarely a double one, of columns. Reliefs, ornaments, and pedimental sculptures were executed with a wider variety of colours and nuances. The construction of temples was usually organised and financed by cities or by the administrations of sanctuaries. From the early Hellenistic period onwards, the Greek peripteral temple lost much of its importance. The pediment of the later temple of the Kabeiroi at Samothrace, late 3rd century BCE, depicted a probably purely local legend, of no major interest to Greece as a whole. It could also hold the temple treasury. In spite of the immense extra effort entailed in this perfection, the Parthenon, including its sculptural decoration, was completed in the record time of sixteen years (447 to 431 BCE).[29]. L’architecture monumentale: le temple grec. Les Athéniens qui ont assisté à des représentations données par les grands maîtres du théâtre grec Sophocle, Eschyle et Euripide ont eu pour sièges des bancs en bois installés sur le flanc sud de lAcropole. Chaque triglyphe tombe au centre de chaque colonne sauf ceux à chaque extrémité. To preserve this connection, the single row of columns often found along the central axis of the naos in early temples was replaced by two separate rows towards the sides. Tout d'abord, il est important de préciser que le temple grec est consacré à une divinité. Modern scholarship uses the following terms: The term dodekastylos is only used for the 12-column hall at the Didymaion. Its distinctive feature, a rich figural frieze, makes this building, erected around 100 BCE, an architectural gem. The temple of Apollo at Didyma near Miletus, begun around 540 BCE, was another dipteros with open internal courtyard. Au-dessus du chapiteau, on trouve l'abaque qui est ornées de perles ou de feuillages. 92 sculpted metopes decorate its triglyph frieze: centauromachy, amazonomachy and gigantomachy are its themes. on the Temple of Hera at Olympia. J.C. TEMPLE IN ANTIS : temple avec deux colonnes à l’entrée entre les murs. Façade Temple grec ... Enregistrée depuis google.be. This shows a growing adjustment to the proportion and weight of Ionic temples, mirrored by a progressive tendency among Ionic temples to become somewhat heavier. TEMPLE PROSTYLE : temple avec des colonnes uniquement sur la face avant. Early examples probably include the Serapeum of Alexandria and a temple at Hermopolis Magna, both erected by Ptolemaios III. Though extremely solidly built, apart from the roof, relatively few Greek temples have left very significant remains; these are often those which were converted to other uses such as churches or mosques. Both temples continued the tendency towards more richly equipped interiors, in both cases with engaged or full columns of the Corinthian order. For example, the oldest known Corinthian capitals are from the naoi of Doric temples. Thus, the interior only received a limited amount of light. These components allowed the realisation of a variety of different plan types in Greek temple architecture. The central composition is now taken over by mythological fights or by rows of human figures. The sponsors of Greek temples usually belonged to one of two groups: on the one hand public sponsors, including the bodies and institutions that administrated important sanctuaries; on the other hand influential and affluent private sponsors, especially Hellenistic kings. To clarify ground plan types, the defining terms can be combined, producing terms such as: peripteral double anta temple, prostyle in antis, peripteral amphiprostyle, etc. Le littoral de Rhamnonte en Attique 2. It is based on a 6-by-6-foot (1.8 m × 1.8 m) grid (the exact dimensions of its plinths). The battles against the centaurs and Amazons, as well as the gigantomachy, all three depicted on the Parthenon, were recurring themes on many temples. Complex compositions visualised the back and forth of fighting for the viewer. This applies, for example, to the Graeco-Parthian and Bactrian temples, or to the Ptolemaic examples, which follow Egyptian tradition. Les Grecs, très forts et mathématiques et en architecture, n’ont pas hésité à faire les choses en grand pour rendre hommage à leur divinité. through the addition of ramps or stairs with up to eight steps (at Temple C in Selinus), or a pronaos depth of 3.5 column distances (temple of Apollo at Syracuse)[58] had been become a key principle of design, this was relativised by the broadening of column distances on the long sides, e.g. As a result, numerous temples of the Classical period in Greece (c. 500 BCE to 336 BCE) had 6 × 13 columns or 5 × 11 intercolumnitions. [41] It appears to be the case that all temples erected within the spheres of influence of Corinth and Argos in the 7th century BCE were Doric peripteroi. For example, there are two examples of temples with uneven column numbers at the front, Temple of Hera I at Paestum[42] and Temple of Apollo A at Metapontum. The evident rational-mathematical aspect to the design suits Ionic Greek culture, with its strong tradition of natural philosophy. It was the first monumental peripteros of Ionia, erected between 350–330 BCE by Pytheos. The canonical solution was found fairly soon by the architect Libon of Elis, who erected the Temple of Zeus at Olympia around 460 BCE. Parthenon. A small temple of Athena Limnastis at Messene, definitely Corinthian, is only attested through drawings by early travellers and very scarce fragments. [4][5] The latter had been erected in important places, on market squares, near springs and by roads, since the Archaic period, but reached their main flourish now.
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